Opportunities for Integrated Landscape Planning – the Broker, the Arena, the Tool

Julia Carlsson; Gun Lidestav; Therese Bjärstig; Johan Svensson; Eva-Maria Nordström

doi:10.3097/LO.201755

Authors

Julia Carlsson Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dep. of Forest Resource Management, Skogsmarksgränd, SE-90183 Umeå, Sweden https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6172-3072
Gun Lidestav Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dep. of Forest Resource Management, Skogsmarksgränd, SE-90183 Umeå, Sweden https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7727-841X
Therese Bjärstig Umeå University, Dep. of Political Science, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6845-5525
Johan Svensson Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dep. of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Skogsmarksgränd, SE-90183 Umeå, Sweden
Eva-Maria Nordström Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dep. of Forest Resource Management, Skogsmarksgränd, SE-90183 Umeå, Sweden

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3097/LO.201755

Keywords:

Collaborative planning, Forest management plan, Landscape approach, Sweden, Transdisciplinarity

Abstract

As an integrated social and ecological system, the forest landscape includes multiple values. The need for a landscape approach in land use planning is being increasingly advocated in research, policy and practice. This paper explores how institutional conditions in the forest policy and management sector can be developed to meet demands for a multifunctional landscape perspective. Departing from obstacles recognised in collaborative planning literature, we build an analytical framework which is operationalised in a Swedish context at municipal level. Our case illustrating this is Vilhelmina Model Forest, where actual barriers and opportunities for a multiple-value landscape approach are identified through 32 semi-structured interviews displaying stakeholders’ views on forest values, ownership rights and willingness to consider multiple values, forest policy and management premises, and collaboration. As an opportunity to overcome the barriers, we suggest and discuss three key components by which an integrated landscape planning approach could be realized in forest management planning: the need for a landscape coordinator (broker), the need for a collaborative forum (arena), and the development of the existing forest management plan into an advanced multifunctional landscape plan (tool).

References

Adger, W. N., & Jordan, A. (2009). Governing sustainability. Governing sustainability (pp. 1-338) doi:10.1017/CBO9780511807756

Albert, C., & Vargas-Moreno, J. C. (2010). Planning-based approaches for supporting sustainable landscape development. Landscape Online, 19(1), 1-9. doi:10.3097/LO.201019

Andersson, K., Angelstam, P., Axelsson, R., Elbakidze, M., & Törnblom, J. (2013). Connecting municipal and regional level planning: Analysis and visualization of sustainability indicators in bergslagen, sweden. European Planning Studies, 21(8), 1210-1234. doi:10.1080/09654313.2012.722943

Angelstam, P., Andersson, K., Axelsson, R., Degerman, E., Elbakidze, M., Sjölander, P., & Törnblom, J. (2015). Barriers and bridges for sustainable forest management: The role of landscape history in swedish bergslagen. Europe's changing woods and forests: From wildwood to managed landscapes (pp. 290-305)

Angelstam, P., & Andersson, L. (2001). Estimates of the needs for forest reserves in sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 16(1), 38-51. doi:10.1080/028275801300090582

Appelstrand, M. (2012). Developments in swedish forest policy and administration - from a "policy of restriction" toward a "policy of cooperation". Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 27(2), 186-199. doi:10.1080/02827581.2011.635069

Appelstrand, M. (2002). Participation and societal values: The challenge for lawmakers and policy practitioners. Forest Policy and Economics, 4(4), 281-290. doi:10.1016/S1389-9341(02)00070-9

Arler, F., & Mellqvist, H. (2015). Landscape democracy, three sets of values, and the connoisseur method. Environmental Values, 24(3), 271-298. doi:10.3197/096327115X14273714154494

Berkes, F., & Folke, C. (1998). Linking Social and Ecological Systems: Management Practices and Social Mechanisms for Building Resilience,

Berlan-Darqué, M., Luginbühl, Y., & Terrasson, D. (2008). Landscape from Knowledge to Action,

Bettinger, P., Boston, K., Siry, J. P., & Grebner, D. L. (2009). Forest management and planning. Forest Management and Planning,

Bjärstig, T., & Kvastegård, E. (2016). Forest social values in a swedish rural context: The private forest owners' perspective. Forest Policy and Economics, 65, 17-24. doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2016.01.007

Bjärstig, T., & Sandström, C. (2017). Public-private partnerships in a swedish rural context - A policy tool for the authorities to achieve sustainable rural development? Journal of Rural Studies, 49, 58-68. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.11.009

Bjärstig, T., Thellbro, C., Stjernström, O., Svensson, J., Sandström, C., Sandström, P., & Zachrisson, A. (2017). Between Protocol and Reality-Swedish Municipal Comprehensive Planning, , 1-20.

Böhling, K., & Arzberger, M. B. (2014). New modes of governance in bavaria's alpine forests: The 'mountain forest initiative' at work. Forest Policy and Economics, 49, 43-50. doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2014.01.004

Bolliger, J., Bättig, M., Gallati, J., Kläy, A., Stauffacher, M., & Kienast, F. (2011). Landscape multifunctionality: A powerful concept to identify effects of environmental change. Regional Environmental Change, 11(1), 203-206. doi:10.1007/s10113-010-0185-6

Bonnell, B., De Camino, R., Diaw, C., Johnston, M., Majewski, P., Montejo, I., . . . Svensson, J. (2012). From rio to rwanda: Impacts of the IMFN over the past 20 years. Forestry Chronicle, 88(3), 245-253. doi:10.5558/tfc2012-050

Boon, T. E. (2000). Conceptualisation and Evaluation of Participation in Danish State Forest Management,

Borrini-Feyerabend, G., Pimbert, M., Farvar, M. T., Kothari, A., & Renard, Y. (2004). Sharing power: Learning by doing in co-management of natural resources throughout the world. Sharing Power: Learning-by-Doing in Co-Management of Natural Resources Throughout the World,

Brabyn, L. (2009). Classifying landscape character. Landscape Research, 34(3), 299-321. doi:10.1080/01426390802371202

Brandt, J., & Vejre, H. (2004). «Multifunctional landscapes - motives, concepts and perceptions». Multifunctional Landscape, Theory, Values and History, 1, 3-31.

Brukas, V., & Sallnäs, O. (2012). Forest management plan as a policy instrument: Carrot, stick or sermon? Land use Policy, 29(3), 605-613. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.10.003

Bush, T. (2010). Biodiversity and sectoral responsibility in the development of swedish forestry policy, 1988-1993. Scandinavian Journal of History, 35(4), 471-498. doi:10.1080/03468755.2010.528249

Butler, A., & Åkerskog, A. (2014). Awareness-raising of landscape in practice. an analysis of landscape character assessments in england. Land use Policy, 36, 441-449. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.09.020

Carr, D. S., Selin, S. W., & Schuett, M. A. (1998). Managing public forests: Understanding the role of collaborative planning. Environmental Management, 22(5), 767-776. doi:10.1007/s002679900146

Carvalho-Ribeiro, S. M., Lovett, A., & O'Riordan, T. (2010). Multifunctional forest management in northern portugal: Moving from scenarios to governance for sustainable development. Land use Policy, 27(4), 1111-1122. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2010.02.008

Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide through Qualitative Analysis,

Christopher, R. (2000). The EU LEADER programme: Rural development laboratory. Sociologia Ruralis, 40(2), X-171.

Cullotta, S., Bončina, A., Carvalho-Ribeiro, S. M., Chauvin, C., Farcy, C., Kurttila, M., & Maetzke, F. G. (2015). Forest planning across europe: The spatial scale, tools, andinter-sectoral integration in land-use planning. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 58(8), 1384-1411. doi:10.1080/09640568.2014.927754

De Groot, R. (2006). Function-analysis and valuation as a tool to assess land use conflicts in planning for sustainable, multi-functional landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning, 75(3-4), 175-186. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.02.016

Dolman, P. M., Lovett, A., O'Riordan, T., & Cobb, D. (2001). Designing whole landscapes. Landscape Research, 26(4), 305-335. doi:10.1080/01426390120090120

Elbakidze, M., Angelstam, P. K., Sandstrom, C., & Axelsson, R. (2010). Multi-stakeholder collaboration in russian and swedish model forest initiatives: Adaptive governance toward sustainable forest management? Ecology and Society, 15(2), 13. doi:10.5751/ES-03334-150214

Emerson, K., Nabatchi, T., & Balogh, S. (2012). An integrative framework for collaborative governance. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 22(1), 1-29. doi:10.1093/jopart/mur011

Esselin, A. (2014). Landskapsnoden-Förutsättningar,

FAO. (2016). State of the world's forests 2016. forests and agriculture: Land-use challenges and opportunities. State of the World's Forests 2016,

Farcy, C. (2004). Forest planning in europe: State of the art, international debates, emergent tools. EFI Proceedings, 49, 11-20.

Ficko, A., Lidestav, G., Dhubháin, Á. N., Karppinen, H., Zivojinovic, I., & Westin, K. (2017). European Private Forest Owner Typologies: A Review of Methods and use,

Forsberg, M. (2012). Skogen som livsmiljö – en rättsvetenskaplig studie om skyddet för biologisk mångfald. Skogen Som Livsmiljö: En Rättsvetenskaplig Studie Om Skyddet För Biologisk Mångfald,

Gallent, N., Andersson, J., & Bianconi, M. (2004). Vision for a Sustainable, Multi-Functional Rural-Urban Fringe,

Gustafsson, L., De Jong, J., & Norén, M. (1999). Evaluation of swedish woodland key habitats using red-listed bryophytes and lichens. Biodiversity and Conservation, 8(8), 1101-1114. doi:10.1023/A:1008934526658

Hahn, W. A., & Knoke, T. (2010). Sustainable development and sustainable forestry: Analogies, differences, and the role of flexibility. European Journal of Forest Research, 129(5), 787-801. doi:10.1007/s10342-010-0385-0

Hammer, M., Balfors, B., Mörtberg, U., Petersson, M., & Quin, A. (2011). Governance of water resources in the phase of change: A case study of the implementation of the EU water framework directive in sweden. Ambio, 40(2), 210-220. doi:10.1007/s13280-010-0132-2

Hammer, T., & Siegrist, D. (2016). Swiss landscape policy from the european landscape convention perspective: Experiences and challenges. Mainstreaming landscape through the european landscape convention (pp. 149-160) doi:10.4324/9781315685922

Healey, P. (1997). Collaborative Planning: Shaping Places in Fragmented Societies,

Ho, V. -., Bonnell, B., Kushalappa, C. G., Mooney, C., Sarasin, G., Svensson, J., & Verbisky, R. (2014). Governance solutions from the international model forest network. Eur.Trop.for.Res.Netw.News, 56, 26-34.

Hoen, H. F., Eid, T., & Økseter, P. (2006). Efficiency gains of cooperation between properties under varying target levels of old forest area coverage. Forest Policy and Economics, 8(2), 135-148. doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2004.06.003

Hokajärvi, R., Hujala, T., Leskinen, L. A., & Tikkanen, J. (2009). Effectiveness of sermon policy instruments: Forest management planning practices applying the activity theory approach. Silva Fennica, 43(5), 889-906. doi:10.14214/sf.178

Holmgren, S., & Arora-Jonsson, S. (2015). The forest kingdom – with what values for the world? climate change and gender equality in a contested forest policy context. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 30(3), 235-245. doi:10.1080/02827581.2014.1002216

Hujala, T., Kurttila, M., Tikkanen, J., Leskinen, P., & Leskinen, L. A. (2009). Adaptive consultation: A tool for recognizing family forest owners' amenity values. Seeing the Forest Beyond the Trees, , 104-113.

Hysing, E. (2009). Statslös Samhällsstyrning?-Governance i Svensk Skogspolitik Governance På Svenska,

Ingemarson, F. (2004). Small-scale forestry in sweden: Owners' objectives, silvicultural practices and management plans. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae, Silvestria 318,

Ingemarson, F., Lindhagen, A., & Eriksson, L. (2006). A typology of small-scale private forest owners in sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 21(3), 249-259. doi:10.1080/02827580600662256

Innes, J. E. (2016). Collaborative rationality for planning practice. Town Planning Review, 87(1), 1-4. doi:10.3828/tpr.2016.1

Innes, J. E., & Booher, D. E. (2010). Planning with complexity: An introduction to collaborative rationality for public policy. Planning with complexity: An introduction to collaborative rationality for public policy (pp. 1-237) doi:10.4324/9780203864302

Jellema, A., Stobbelaar, D. -., Groot, J. C. J., & Rossing, W. A. H. (2009). Landscape character assessment using region growing techniques in geographical information systems. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(SUPPL. 2), S161-S174. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.11.031

Jones, M., & Stenseke, M. (2011). Conclusion: Benefits, difficulties, and challenges of participation under the european landscape convention. The European Landscape Convention: Challenges of Participation, , 27-44.

Jørgensen, K., Clemetsen, M., Thorén, K. H., & Richardson, T. (2016). Mainstreaming Landscape through the European Landscape Convention,

Keough, H. L., & Blahna, D. J. (2006). Achieving integrative, collaborative ecosystem management. Conservation Biology, 20(5), 1373-1382. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00445.x

Kindstrand, C., Norman, J., Boman, M., & Mattsson, L. (2008). Attitudes towards various forest functions: A comparison between private forest owners and forest officers. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 23(2), 133-136. doi:10.1080/02827580801944842

Kvale, S. (1996). Interviews: An introduction to qualitative research interviewing. Interviews: An Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing,

Laszlo Ambjörnsson, E., Keskitalo, E. C. H., & Karlsson, S. (2016). Forest discourses and the role of planning-related perspectives: The case of sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 31(1), 111-118. doi:10.1080/02827581.2015.1070197

Lindahl, K. B., Sténs, A., Sandström, C., Johansson, J., Lidskog, R., Ranius, T., & Roberge, J. -. (2017). The swedish forestry model: More of everything? Forest Policy and Economics, 77, 44-55. doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2015.10.012

Lundmark, C., & Jonsson, G. (2014). Prospects for learning in river management: Exploring the initial implementation of the water framework directive in a swedish river basin. Environmental Education Research, 20(2), 161-176. doi:10.1080/13504622.2013.780585

MacFarlane, R. (2007). Multi-functional landscapes: Conceptual and planning issues for the countryside. Landscape and sustainability: Second edition (pp. 138-166) doi:10.4324/9780203962084

Margerum, R. D. (2011). Beyond consensus: Improving collaborative planning and management. Beyond consensus: Improving collaborative planning and management (pp. 1-395)

Margerum, R. D. (2002). Collaborative planning building consensus and building a distinct model for practice. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 21(3), 237-253. doi:10.1177/0739456X0202100302

Mikusiński, G., Blicharska, M., Antonson, H., Henningsson, M., Göransson, G., Angelstam, P., & Seiler, A. (2013). Integrating ecological, social and cultural dimensions in the implementation of the landscape convention. Landscape Research, 38(3), 384-393. doi:10.1080/01426397.2011.650629

Monroe, A. S., & Butler, W. H. (2015). Responding to a policy mandate to collaborate: Structuring collaboration in the collaborative forest landscape restoration program. Journal of Environmental Management, , 1-19.

Mora, O., Banos, V., Regolini, M., & Carnus, J. -. (2014). Using scenarios for forest adaptation to climate change: A foresight study of the landes de gascogne forest 2050. Annals of Forest Science, 71(3), 313-324. doi:10.1007/s13595-013-0336-2

Nijnik, M., & Mather, A. (2008). Analyzing public preferences concerning woodland development in rural landscapes in scotland. Landscape and Urban Planning, 86(3-4), 267-275. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2008.03.007

Opdam, P., Coninx, I., Dewulf, A., Steingröver, E., Vos, C., & van der Wal, M. (2015). Framing ecosystem services: Affecting behaviour of actors in collaborative landscape planning? Land use Policy, 46, 223-231. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.02.008

Raitio, K. (2012). New institutional approach to collaborative forest planning on public land: Methods for analysis and lessons for policy. Land use Policy, 29(2), 309-316. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.07.001

Reed, M. S. (2008). Stakeholder participation for environmental management: A literature review. Biological Conservation, 141(10), 2417-2431. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2008.07.014

Richnau, G., Angelstam, P., Valasiuk, S., Zahvoyska, L., Axelsson, R., Elbakidze, M., . . . Soloviy, I. (2013). Multifaceted value profiles of forest owner categories in south sweden: The river helge å catchment as a case study. Ambio, 42(2), 188-200. doi:10.1007/s13280-012-0374-2

Roe, M. H. (2007). The social dimensions of sustainability. chapter 4 landscape and sustainability.

Sandström, C., Carlsson-Kanyama, A., Lindahl, K. B., Sonnek, K. M., Mossing, A., Nordin, A., . . . Räty, R. (2016). Understanding consistencies and gaps between desired forest futures: An analysis of visions from stakeholder groups in sweden. Ambio, 45, 100-108. doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0746-5

Sandström, C., & Lindkvist, A. (2010). Competing Land use Associated with Sweden's Forests.Future Forests: Umeå, Sweden,

Sandström, C., Lindkvist, A., Öhman, K., & Nordström, E. -. (2011). Governing competing demands for forest resources in sweden. Forests, 2(1), 218-242. doi:10.3390/f2010218