Plant species richness and composition in the arable land of Kosovo

Authors

  • Arben Mehmeti Plant Protection, University of Prishtina, Bill Clinton p.n., 10000 Prishtina; Landscape Ecology and Landscape Planning, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
  • Adem Demaj Plant Protection, University of Prishtina, Bill Clinton p.n., 10000 Prishtina
  • Rainer Waldhardt Landscape Ecology and Landscape Planning, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, D-35392 Giessen, Germany

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3097/LO.200911

Keywords:

Agriculture, Land-use change, Weed flora, Weed management, Weed vegetation

Abstract

This study investigates today's plant species richness and composition in cultivated and recently abandoned arable land of Kosovo. Relationships between these aspects of vegetation and both environmental features and agricultural management measures are studied at the regional and plot scale. In 2006, 432 vegetation relevés with a standard plot size of 25 m 2 were recorded in cultivated fields. In 2007, data collection focussed on 41 plots in arable fields that had been abandoned the year before. With respect to the environment, data analysis accounts for topography, soil base-richness and moisture, and geographic location. As to the management, crops and weed control are considered. A total number of 235 species was documented. In comparison to literature dating back to about 1980, the regional weed flora considerably changed. At the plot scale, today's weed flora of Kosovo is fairly species-poor and species composition is rather uniform between plots. According to General Regression Model analyses, Indicator Species Analyses and Detrended Correspondence Analyses, species richness and composition mainly differ between crops and weed management, with highest mean species richness in recently abandoned and lowest in herbicide-treated maize fields.

References

Arlt, K., & Juttersonke, B. (1992). The negative cross resistance of triazine-resistant weed species, particularly chenopodium album L. Z.Pflanzenkrank.Pflanzenschutz., 13, 483-486.

Baessler, C., & Klotz, S. (2006). Effects of changes in agricultural land-use on landscape structure and arable weed vegetation over the last 50 years. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 115(1-4), 43-50. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2005.12.007

Banjska, G. (1977). Zakorovljenost lucerišta u SAP kosova. Fragmenta Herbologica Jugoslavica, 3, 39-48.

BARKMAN, J. J., DOING, H., & SEGAL, S. (1964). KRITISCHE BEMERKUNGEN UND VORSCHLÄGE ZUR QUANTITATIVEN VEGETATIONSANALYSE. Acta Botanica Neerlandica, 13(3), 394-419. doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.1964.tb00164.x

Benvenuti, S. (1995). Soil light penetration and dormancy of jimsonweed (datura stramonium) seeds. Weed Science, 43(3), 389-393. doi:10.1017/s0043174500081376

Bischoff, A. (2005). Analysis of weed dispersal to predict chances of re-colonisation. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 106(4), 377-387. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2004.09.006

Dufrêne, M., & Legendre, P. (1997). Species assemblages and indicator species: The need for a flexible asymmetrical approach. Ecological Monographs, 67(3), 345-366. doi:10.2307/2963459

Elezi, X., Halimi, A., & Zogaj, M. (2004). Digjitalizimi i Hartës Pedologjike të Kosovës,

Ellenberg, H., Weber, H. E., Düll, R., Wirth, V., Werner, W., & Paulissen, D. (1992). Zeigerwerte von pflanzen in mitteleuropa. Zeigerwerte Von Pflanzen in Mitteleuropa,

Farkas, A. (2006). Soil management and tillage possibilities in weed control. Herbologia, 7(1), 9-23.

Fritsch, K. (1909). Neue beiträge zur flora der balkanhalbinsel insbesonders serbiens, bosniens und der herzegowina, erster teil. Mitt.Naturwiss.Vereines Steiermark, 45, 131-183.

Fritsch, K. (1918). Neue beiträge zur flora der balkanhalbinsel, insbesondere serbiens bosniens und der hercegowina VIII. Mitteilungen Des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereines Für Steiermark, 54, 235-299.

Gabriel, D., Thies, C., & Tscharntke, T. (2005). Local diversity of arable weeds increases with landscape complexity. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 7(2), 85-93. doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2005.04.001

Gashi, H., & Spaho, S. (2002). Pedologjia.Akademia e Shkencave Dhe Arteve të Kosovës.,

Griffiths, H. I., Kryštufek, B., & Reed, J. M. (2004). Balkan biodiversity. Balkan Biodiversity: Pattern and Process in the European Hotspot,

Gurevitch, J., Scheiner, S. M., & Fox, G. A. (2002). The Ecology of Plants,

Heeger, E. F. (1956). Handbuch des arznei- und gewürzpflanzenanbaues. Deutscher Bauernverlag Leipzig, , 366-376.

Hilbig, W., & Bachthaler, G. (1992). Wirtschaftsbedingte veränderungen der segetalvegetation in deutschland im zeitraum von 1950-1990. Angewandte Botanik, 66, 192-200.

Hüppe, J., & Hofmeister, H. (1990). Syntaxonomische fassung und übersicht über die ackerunkrautgesellschaften der bundesrepublik deutschland. Berichte Der Reinhold-Tüxen-Gesellschaft, 2, 61-81.

IUSS Working Group WRB. (2006). World reference base for soil resources 2006 - a framework for international classification, correlation and communication. World Reference Base for Soil Resources,

Janjić, V., Djalović, I., & Djurić, M. (2003). Investigation of the resistance of amaranthus retroflexus L. to atrazine through the method of leaf fluorescence. Acta Agriculture Serbica, 8, 63-72.

Jurado-Expósito, M., López-Granados, F., González-Andújar, J. L., & García-Torres, L. (2005). Characterizing population growth rate of convolvulus arvensis in wheat-sunflower no-tillage systems. Crop Science, 45(5), 2106-2112. doi:10.2135/cropsci2004.0502

Kojić, M. (1986). Mala Korovska Flora,

Kojić, M., & Ajder, S. (1989). Maize weed vegetation in the central part of the drina river valley. Fragmenta Herbologica Jugoslavica, 18, 131-142.

Kojić, M., Parabučski, S., & Čanak, M. (1975). Pregled Korovskih Vrsta Jugoslavije Sa Predlogom Jedinstvenih Srpskohrvatskih Naziva, , 49.

Kojić, M., & Pejčinović, D. (1982). Korovska Flora i Vegetacija Kosova,

Korolova, J., Lapinsh, D., & Berzins, A. (2006). Weed dynamics in differently managed fields. Agronomy Research, 4, 241-245.

Krasniqi, D. F. (1968). Šumska Vegetacija Brdskog Regiona Kosova i Metohija,

Krebs, C. J. (1989). Ecological Methodology,

Lauer, E. (1953). Über die keimtemperatur von ackerunkräutern und deren einfluß auf die zusammensetzung von unkrautgesellschaften. Flora, 140, 551-595.

Lososová, Z., Chytrý, M., Cimalová, Š., Kropáč, Z., Otýpková, Z., Pyšek, P., & Tichý, L. (2004). Weed vegetation of arable land in central europe: Gradients of diversity and species composition. Journal of Vegetation Science, 15(3), 415-422. doi:10.1111/j.1654-1103.2004.tb02279.x

Lozanovski, R., Grupće, R., Kostov, T., & Naceva, L. (1980). Uticaj plodoreda i primena nekih herbicida na dinamiku fitocenoloških odnosa korovskih sinuzija u kukuruzu i suncokretu. Zbornik Radova.Prvi Kongres o Korovima, Banja Koviljača, , 307-321.

Lozanovski, R., Kostov, T., & Grupće, R. (1980). Suzbijanje korova herbicidima u šečernoj repi na području kosova. Agrohemija, 5-6, 195-203.

McCune, B., & Grace, J. B. (2002). Analysis of Ecological Communities,

McCune, B., & Mefford, M. J. (1999). PC-ORD.Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data, Version 4,

Mehmeti, A. (2003). Spektar djelovanja herbicida na korovsku floru krompira. Herbologia, 4, 166-171.

Mehmeti, A. (2004). Three-year efficiency of herbicides on weed flora and potato yield. Herbologia, 5, 85-93.

Mehmeti, A., & Demaj, A. (2006). Efficiency of post emergence herbicides in wheat crop. XIX Scientific Meeting of Agriculture and Food Industry,

Mehmeti, A., Demaj, A., & Waldhardt, R. (2008). Ackernutzung und aktuelle ackervegetation im kosovo. Naturschutz Biol.Vielfalt., 60, 61-66.

Millaku, F. (1999). About some taxons new to flora of albanian alps and kosova's flora on the whole. Buletini I Shkencave Bujqësore, 4

Momirović, N., Božić, D., & Stefanović, L. (1996). Uticaj gajenja na grad{stroke}u korovske zajednice postrnog useva kukurza. Zbornik Radova.Peti Kongres o Korovima, Banja Koviljača, , 321-332.

Oljaca, S., Vrbnicanin, S., Simic, M., Stefanovic, L., & Dolijanovic, Z. (2007). Jimsonweed (datura stramonium L.) interference in maize. Maydica, 52(3), 329-333.

Otte, A., Simmering, D., & Wolters, V. (2007). Biodiversity at the landscape level: Recent concepts and perspectives for multifunctional land use. Landscape Ecology, 22(5), 639-642. doi:10.1007/s10980-007-9094-6

Pavlovic, D., Vrbnicanin, S., Bozic, D., & Fischer, A. J. (2008). Morphophysiological traits and atrazine sensitivity in chenopodium album L. Pest Management Science, 64(2), 101-107. doi:10.1002/ps.1473

Pejčinović, D. (1987). Životni oblici korovskih vrsta u zajednicima okopavina i strnih žita kosova. Fragmenta Herbologica Jugoslavica, 16(1-2), 95-102.

Pejčinović, D., & Kojić, M. (1988). Primena ekološkoih indeksa za karakterizaciju korovske vegetacije kosova. Fragm.Herbol.Jugoslavica, 17, 231-242.

Pfirter, H. A., Ammon, H. -., Guntli, D., Greaves, M. P., & Défago, G. (1997). Towards the management of field bindweed (convolvulus arvensis) and hedge bindweed (calystegia sepium) with fungal pathogens and cover crops. Integrated Pest Management Reviews, 2(2), 61-69. doi:10.1023/A:1018432513776

Pyšek, P., Jarošík, V., Kropáč, Z., Chytrý, M., Wild, J., & Tichý, L. (2005). Effects of abiotic factors on species richness and cover in central european weed communities. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 109(1-2), 1-8. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2005.02.018

Rexhepi, F. (1976). Vegjetacioni i pyjeve të novo bërdos. Bul.i Pun.Shkenc.i FSHN.IV, , 25-43.

Rusu, T., Gus, P., Bogdan, I., Paulette, L., & Oroian, I. (2013). Researches regarding to control species convolvulus arvensis L. on relation with soil tillage systems. J.Central Eur.Agric., 7(4), 739-742.

Šarić, T. (1991). Korovi i Njihovo Uništavanje Herbicidima,

Schmitt, O. J. (2008). Kosovo: Geschichte Einer Zentralbalkanischen Landschaft,

Schneider, C., Sukopp, U., & Sukopp, H. (1994). Biologisch-Ökologische Grundlagen Des Schutzes Gefährdeter Segetalpflanzen,

Shrestha, A., Knezevic, S. Z., Roy, R. C., Ball-Coelho, B. R., & Swanton, C. J. (2002). Effect of tillage, cover crop and crop rotation on the composition of weed flora in a sandy soil. Weed Research, 42(1), 76-87. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3180.2002.00264.x

Simić, M., Stefanović, L., & Šinžar, B. (2003). Sezonske promene korovske sinuzije kukuruza u zavisnosti od primene herbicida i navodnjavanja. Herbologia, 4, 71-83.

Šinžar, B., Stefanović, L., & Šinžar, J. (1996). Korovska flora useva kukuruza srbije. zbornik radova. Peti Kongres o Korovima, Banja Koviljača, , 122-142.

Stanković, R., Šinžar, B., & Stefanović, L. (1996). Prilog proučavanja efikasnosti herbicida derivata sulfoniluree. Peti Kongres o Korovima.- Banja Koviljača., , 518-523.

Stešević, D., & Jovović, Z. (2003). Uticaj hemijskog suzbijanja korova na strukturu i dinamiku korovske sinuzije krompira u okolini pljevalja. Herbologija, 4(1), 181-189.

Stevanović, V., Tan, K., & Iatrou, G. (2003). Distribution of the endemic balkan flora on serpentine I. - obligate serpentine endemics. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 242(1-4), 149-170. doi:10.1007/s00606-003-0044-8

Susuri, L. (1998). Fungicidet-Herbicidet, Universiteti i Prishtinës,

Susuri, L., Demaj, A., & Memaj, E. (2001). Structure and control of weeds in wheat. Acta Agric.Slovenica, 77, 267-272.

Tuesca, D., Puricelli, E., & Papa, J. C. (2001). A long-term study of weed flora shifts in different tillage systems. Weed Research, 41(4), 369-382. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3180.2001.00245.x

Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V. H., Burges, N. A., Moore, D. M., Valentine, D. H., Walters, S. M., & Webb, D. A. (0000). 1964-1980-Flora Europaea,

USAID. (2003). Kosovo Biodiversity Assessment,

Volenik, S., & Knežević, M. (1984). Sezonska dinamika biljnih vrsta u korovnim zajednicama pšenice i kukuruza. Zbornik Radova.Drugi Kongres o Korovima, Osijek, , 133-144.

Waldhardt, R. (1994). Flächenstillegungen Und Extensivierungsmaßnahmen Im Ackerbau - Flora,

Waldhardt, R. (2007). Segetalvegetation in den spannungsfeldern von intensiver produktion und nutzungsaufgabe. Naturschutz Niedersachs, 27, 114-120.

Wein, K. (1954). Die geschichte von datura stramonium. Die Kulturpflanze, 2(1), 18-71. doi:10.1007/BF02095729

Weiner, J., Griepentrog, H. -., & Kristensen, L. (2001). Suppression of weeds by spring wheat triticum aestivum increases with crop density and spatial uniformity. Journal of Applied Ecology, 38(4), 784-790. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2664.2001.00634.x

Whittaker, R. H. (1972). Evolution and measurement of species diversity. Taxon, 21, 213-251.

Williams, M. M., & Jordan, N. (1995). The fitness cost of triazine resistance in jimsonweed (datura stramonium L.). American Midland Naturalist, 133(1), 131-137. doi:10.2307/2426354

Wilson, P. J., & Aebischer, N. J. (1995). The distribution of dicotyledonous arable weeds in relation to distance from the field edge. Journal of Applied Ecology, 32(2), 295-310. doi:10.2307/2405097

Wisskirchen, R., & Haeupler, H. (1998). Standardliste Der Farn- Und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands,

Zajmi, A. (1996). Mundësitë E Shfrytëzimit të Potencialeve Natyrore Dhe Biologjike në Prodhimtarinë Bujqësore të Kosovës, , 201-220.

LO.200911

Downloads

Published

31.03.2009

How to Cite

Mehmeti, A., Demaj, A., & Waldhardt, R. (2009). Plant species richness and composition in the arable land of Kosovo. Landscape Online, 11. https://doi.org/10.3097/LO.200911

Issue

Section

Research Article