Smart historical gardens

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3097/LO.2023.1114

Keywords:

historical parks and gardens, adaptation plan, climate change, smart strategy, competitions, awards

Abstract

Historical parks and garden sites provide a range of social, environmental, ecosystem, recreational, and scientific services. They are witnesses of history, resources of biotic (botanical and dendrological collections) and abiotic (historical buildings or complexes) attributes, sources of knowhow about park maintenance and management accumulated over the centuries as transfer between past and future generations. A series of hazards and processes for finding the best strategies to adapt to climate change are now generally researched. They should also apply to historical greenery – it is particularly sensitive to such alterations. This study aimed to identify the most important pro-climate and pro-ecological trends as well as specific material and organisational solutions noticed by the jury of selected European professional competitions: “European Garden Award”, “Garden of the Year Award” (UK), “Monument of the Year” (Germany) and “Well-kept Monument” (Poland). The available competition regulations, published laudations, and general characteristics of individual parks were analysed. Not only did the research show a diversified level of development and approach to individual sites at the national level, but also variation in sites’ activation: from basic conservation and restoration works to implementation and promotion of pro-ecological and pro-climate solutions, as well as discrepancy in the priorities for assessing objects set by individual competition committees. An unjust tendency among the majority of researched competitions to marginalise the problem of climate change has been noticed (only recently has this problem started to draw some attention). It can contribute to the loss of a significant part of the garden heritage because any activity in such a sensitive substance requires a relatively longer time and often divides the work process into many stages. Their standardisation and equal development would strengthen the European heritage and resilience to climate change. The exchange of knowledge and experience in the form of good practices and appropriate funding can support these actions.

References

Abbotsbury Subtropical Gardens. https://www.visit-dorset.com/listing/abbotsbury-subtropical-gardens/12896301/ [Accessed on 02 April 2022].

Bowood House. https://www.bowood.org/bowood-house-gardens/ [Accessed on 02 April 2022].

Bressers, H., de Boer, C., Lordkipanidze, M. et al. 2013. Water Governance Assessment Tool - With an Elaboration for Drought Resilience. DROP project- Benefit of Governance in Drought Adaptation. https://www.ecologic.eu/10151

Caerhays Castle. https://www.visitcornwall.com/things-to-do/arts-and-heritage/south-coast/mevagissey/caerhays-castle-and-gardens [Accessed on 02 April 2022].

Caerhays Estate. https://visit.caerhays.co.uk/the-estate/the-gardens/garden-history/ [Accessed on 05 November 2022].

Campbell, L., Svedsen, E., Sonti, N., Johnson, M. 2016. A social assessment of urban parkland: Analyzing park use and meaning to inform management and resilience planning. Environmental Science & Policy. 62. 34-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2016.01.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2016.01.014

Canibe Iglesias M., Hermoso, V. 2022. Climate- and fire- smart landscape scenarios call for redesigning protection regimes to achieve multiple management goals. Journal of Environmental Management. 322. 15. 116045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116045 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116045

Centre for Climate Adaptation. 2015. (a) Droughts, Germany. https://www.climatechangepost.com/germany/droughts/ [Accessed on 05 April 2022].

Centre for Climate Adaptation. 2015. (b) Droughts, The Netherlands. http://www.climateadaptation.eu/netherlands/droughts/ [Accessed on 05 April 2022].

Dalemain. https://www.visitcumbria.com/pen/dalemain/ [Accessed on 02 April 2022].

Daudkhane, Y. 2017. Why SMART Goals are not ‘Smart’ Enough? Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research. 3.6. 137-143. ISSN: 2454-1362. http://www.onlinejournal.in [Accessed on 06 November 2022].

Dudek-Klimiuk, J. 2015. Former and contemporary threats to historic gardens. In: Kozłowski,D. (ed.), Contemporary threats of historic gardens. Czasopismo Techniczne. Architektura 5-A. Politechnika Krakowska, Kraków, pp. 41- 57.

Eagles, P.F.J., Romagosa, F., Buteau-Duitschaever, W.C., Havitz, M., Glover, T.D., McCutcheon, B. 2013. Good governance in protected areas: an evaluation of stakeholders’ perceptions in British Columbia and Ontario Provincial Parks. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 21. 60-79. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2012.671331 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2012.671331

Egeskov Park. https://egeskov.dk/de/gartenguide/ [Accessed on 26 April 2022].

European Commission. 2022. Directorate-General for Education, Youth, Sport and Culture, Strengthening cultural heritage resilience for climate change: executive summary of the report of the EU Open Method of Coordination (OMC) expert group of Member States. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2766/030764

European Green Deal. https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_de [Accessed on 17 July 2022].

European Garden Heritage Network. https://wp.eghn.org/en/european-garden-award/ [Accessed 30 May 2022].

European Landscape Convention. 2020. Council of Europe Landscape Convention [Accessed on 22 March 2022].

Florence Charta 1981. https://www.icomos.org/en/what-we-do/focus/179-articles-en-francais/ressources/charters-and-standards/158-the-florence-charter [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Furmanik, B. 2016. Historical parks and gardens on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Ochrona Zabytków. 259-301, https://ochronazabytkow.nid.pl/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/OZ_1-2016_12_Furmanik.pdf [Accessed on 29 October 2022].

GALA BAU Nürnberg, Germany on 16 September 2022, Presentation: SKlimaresiliente Hasenheide Berlin

Gordon Castle. https://www.gordoncastle.co.uk/our-story/garden-history/ [Accessed on 02 April 2022].

Gunnebo Castle and Gardens. https://gunneboslott.se/de/ [Accessed on 27 May 2022].

Hannah, L. 2006. Governance of private protected areas in Canada: Advancing the public interest? Victoria, BC: University of Victoria. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/1886

Hedge House, Kasteel Wijlre. https://kasteelwijlre.nl/en/ about/garden/ [Accessed on 04 April 2022].

Helmingham Hall. https://www.helmingham.com/ [Accessed on 02 April 2022].

Historic Houses. “Garden of the Year Award”. https://www. historichouses.org/garden-of-the-year/ [Accessed 28 March 2022].

Historic Houses. Revisiting a hard-won fight: The History of the HHA. https://www.historichouses.org/revisiting-a-hard-won-fight-the-history-of-the-hha/ [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Hristov, D., Naumov, N., Petrova, P. 2018. Interpretation in historic gardens: English Heritage perspective. Tourism Review, 73.2, 199-215. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-04-2017-0067 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-04-2017-0067

Hüttl, R.F., David, K., Schneider, B.U. 2020. Historische Gärten und Klimawandel. De Gruyter Akademie Forschung. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110607772 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110607772

ICOMOS Resolution 19GA 2017/30 to mobilizing the cultural heritage community for climate action. https://www.icomos.org/en [Accessed on 18 May 2022].

ICOMOS 2019 Report “The Future of Our Pasts: Engaging Cultural Heritage in Climate Action”. https://www.icomos.org/en [Accessed on 18 May 2022].

IPCC Sixth Assessment Report. Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, 2022, https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ [Accessed on 18 April 2022].

Klimaresiliente Hasenheide Berlin, Germany. Gruppe F. https://gruppef.com/klimaanpassung-in-der-hasenheide/ [Accessed on 18 September 2022].

Kulturmagazin Metropolregion Rhein-Neckar. “Grüner geht’s nicht” https://www.kultur-rhein-neckar.de/archiv/ schloesser-gaerten-baden-wuerttemberg/u/1076/ [Accessed on 29 March 2022].

Lebel, L., Anderies, J.M., Campbell, B., Folke, C., Hatfield- Dodds, S., Hughes, T.P., Wilson, J. 2006. Governance and the capacity to manage resilience in regional social- ecological systems. Ecology and Society. 11(1):19. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss1/art19/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-01606-110119

Liżewska, I. (red.) 2015. Zadbany zabytek, co to znaczy? Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa, Warszawa. https:// docplayer.pl/3092896-Zabytek-zadbany-co-to-znaczy.html [Accessed on 23 March 2022].

Lupton, L., Hubter, S., Butters, L. 2010. An investigation into the effects of climate change on historic gardens in the UK. Lucrări ştiinţifice USAMVB. 54B. 292-301 https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20143218006

Majdecki, L. Majdecka-Strzeżek, A. 2019. Ochrona i konserwacja zabytkowych założeń ogrodowych. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. Warszawa.

Mapperton House and Gardens. https://mapperton.com/visit/visitor-information/ [Accessed on 02 April 2022].

Miserden. https://www.miserden.org/ [Accessed on 02 April 2022].

Muskauer Park, https://www.muskauer-park.de/orte/ baumschule/ [Accessed on 23 March 2022].

National Heritage Board of Poland “Well-kept Monument”. Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa “Zabany zabytek”. https:// nid.pl/konkursy/zabytek-zadbany/ [Accessed 25 March 2022].

Newby Hall & Gardens. https://www.newbyhall.com/ [Accessed on 02 April 2022].

Österreichische Bundesgärten. https://www.bundesgaerten.at/ [Accessed on 22 March 2022].

Park pałacowy w Zielonej Górze-Zatoniu. https://visitzielonagora.pl/park-zatonie/ [Accessed on 02 April 2022].

Perez-Urrestarazu L. 2018. Water management assessment in a historic garden: the case study of the Real Alcazar (Seville, Spain). Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 29. 192-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.11.020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.11.020

Piotrowska, J. 2016. Zabytek zadbany A.D. 2016. Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa. Warszawa.

Piotrowska. J. 2017. Zabytek zadbany A.D. 2017. Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa. Warszawa.

Piotrowska, J. 2018. Zabytek Zadbany A.D. 2018. Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa. Warszawa.

Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape. 2011. https://www.unesco.org/en/legal-affairs/recommendation-historic-urban-landscape-including-glossary-definitions [Accessed on 29 March 2022].

Renishaw Hall. https://www.renishaw-hall.co.uk/ [Accessed on 02 April 2022].

Rundale Palace. https://rundale.net/en/the-palace/ restoration/ [Accessed on 29 March 2022].

Schloss Brühl, https://www.schlossbruehl.de/jagdschloss-falkenlust/ [Accessed on 29 October 2022].

Schloss Herrenhausen. https://www.schloss-herrenhausen. de/de/home/ [Accessed on 02 April 2022].

Schloss und Schlossgarten Schwetzingen. https://www.schloss-schwetzingen.de/ [Accessed on 02 April 2022].

Schloss Weikersheim. https://www.schloss-weikersheim.de/ [Accessed on 29 September 2022].

Schlösser Burgen Gärten Baden-Württemberg e.V. https://www.sbg-bawue.de/monumente/ [Accessed on 19 April 2022].

Seiler J. 2020. Management regimes for lawns and hedges in historic gardens. University dissertation from Göteborgs Universitet. https://gup.ub.gu.se/publication/291254 [Accessed 26 March 2022].

Staatliche Schlösser und Gärten Baden Württemberg (a). https://www.schloesser-und-gaerten.de/wir-ueber-uns/organisation/auszeichnungen/europaeischer-gartenpreis [Accessed on 22 May 2022].

Staatliche Schlösser und Gärten in Baden-Württemberg (b). Monument des Jahres. https://www.schloesser-und-gaerten.de/wir-ueber-uns/organisation/auszeichnungen/ monument-des-jahres [Accessed 19 April 2022].

Staatliche Schlösser und Gärten Baden Württemberg (c). Pressemitteilung sg b-w https://www.schloesser-und-gaerten.de/fileadmin/Presse/pressemeldungen/24_ludwigsburg_rsl/2016/ssg_schloss-ludwigsburg_start_ins_Gartenjahr_2016_pm_160413.pdf [Accessed on 29 March 2022].

Staatliche Schlösser und Gärten Baden Württemberg (d). Start ins Themenjahr “Welt der Gärten”. https://www.schloesser-und-gaerten.de/presse/pressemeldungen/pressemeldung-detailansicht/1049/2016/april/13 [Accessed on 29 March 2022].

Staatliche Schlösser und Gärten Baden Württemberg (e). Klimawandel: Grundlegend neue Situation in den Schlossgärten, https://www.kloster-alpirsbach.de/presse/pressemeldungen/pressemeldungen-detailansicht/?tx_ssgmonument_pressdetail%5Buid%5D=3743&cHash=81eef72a0576ac04eaed7d4be75527f6 [Accessed on 02 April 2022].

Stiftung Preußische Schlösser und Gärten Berlin-Brandenburg. Die Blütenzauberer von Sanssouci. https://www.spsg.de/blog/article/2016/11/01/die-bluetenzauberer-von-sanssouci/ [Accessed on 22 March 2022].

Swedish National Heritage Board. Kulturarv och klimatförändringar https://www.raa.se/kulturarv/klimat-och-miljo/kulturarv-och-klimatforandringar/ [Accessed on 24 August 2022].

Themenjahr “Monument des Jahres”. http://welt-der-gaerten2016.de/themenjahr-2016-welt-der-gaerten/ [Accessed on 19 April 2022].

Themenjahr 2016 “Welt der Gärten” http://welt-der-gaerten2016.de/themenjahr-2016-welt-der-gaerten/ [Accessed on 29 March 2022].

UNESCO Heritage List. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list [Accessed on 26 October 2022].

Venice Charter 1964. https://www.icomos.org/en/participer/179-articles-en-francais/ressources/charters-and-standards/157-thevenice-charter [Accessed on 29 March 2022].

Welterbestätte Schlösser Brühl. https://www.schlossbruehl.de/ [Accessed on 26 October 2022].

Xiao X., Seekamp. E., Lu, J., Eaton, M., van der Burg, M.P. Optimizing preservation for multiple types of historic structures under climate change. 2021. Landscape and Urban Planning. 214. 104165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104165 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104165

Zespół dworsko-parkowy w Chrzęsnem. http://www.palacwchrzesnem.pl/zespol_palacowy [Accessed on 02 April 2022].

Zespół dworsko-parkowy z folwarkiem w Wiechlicach. https://www.lwkz.pl/monument/show/id/882 [Accessed on 09 April 2022].

Zespół pałacowo-parkowy w Dobrzycy. https://zabytek.pl/pl/obiekty/dobrzyca-zespol-palacowo-parkowy [Accessed on 02 April 2022].

Zespół pałacowo-parkowy w Gułtowach. http://palace.amu.edu.pl/gultowy [Accessed on 02 April 2022].

Zespół pałacowo-parkowy w Jankowicach. https://www.palacjankowice.pl/palac-jankowice/ [Accessed on 02 April 2022].

Zespół dworsko-parkowy w Kłóbce. https://zabytek.pl/pl/obiekty/g-269707 [Accessed on 02 April 2022].

Zespół pałacowo-parkowy w Patrykozach. https://modanamazowsze.pl/fantazja-generala-palac-w-patrykozach/ [Accessed on 02 April 2022].

Zespół pałacowo-parkowy w Patrykozach. https://zabytek.pl/pl/obiekty/patrykozy-park [Accessed on 02 April 2022].

Zespół pałacowo-parkowy w Poddębicach. https://www.skanska.pl/oferta/realizacje/57950/Zespol-alacowoparkowy-w-Poddebicach [Accessed on 02 April 2022].

Zespół pałacowo-parkowy w Węgrzynowicach. https://zabytek.pl/pl/obiekty/g-242994 [Accessed on 02 April 2022].

Zespół pałacowo-parkowy w Żmigrodzie. https://it-zmigrod.pl/zpp/informacje-ogolne/ [Accessed on 09 April 2022].

Zespół pałacowo-parkowy w Żmigrodzie. http://www.zmigrod.com.pl/asp/zespol-palacowo-parkowy,892,,1, [Accessed on 02 April 2022].

Zespół pałacowy w Większycach. http://www.palacwiekszyce.pl/palac, [Accessed on 02 April 2022].

Zespół parkowo-pałacowy w Warce-Winiarach. https://zabytek.pl/pl/obiekty/warka-zespol-palacowo-parkowy-ob-siedziba-muzeum-im-kazimie [Accessed on 09 April 2022].

Title image LO.2023.1114

Downloads

Published

26.09.2023

How to Cite

Dudek-Klimiuk, J., & Warzecha, B. (2023). Smart historical gardens. Landscape Online, 98, 1114. https://doi.org/10.3097/LO.2023.1114

Issue

Section

Research Article