The main processes responsible for landscape transformation in post-industrial urban areas in Central Europe

Katarzyna Pukowiec-Kurda

doi:10.3097/LO.2023.1116

Authors

Katarzyna Pukowiec-Kurda University of Silesia, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Poland https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6574-9029

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3097/LO.2023.1116

Keywords:

landscape changes, suburbanization, metropolisation, spatial chaos, transition from coal

Abstract

In recent years, the dynamic of spatial change has been increasing, influenced by processes linked to the transformation of traditional industrial regions into metropolitan areas. This is related to changes in function and administrative status, but above all to spatial changes. Examples of cities experiencing dynamic landscape changes from coal mining cities to modern metropolises can be found in the former coal basins of Central Europe – the Upper Silesian Metropolis in Poland and the Ostrava-Karviná Region in the Czechia. This study analysed the transformation of the landscape on the basis of land cover data from the years 2000, 2006, 2012 and 2018. The index of landscape change and the index of change of individual cover types were calculated, and on the basis of these indices the main processes responsible for the transformation of the landscape were determined. In the two study areas, similar changes in the landscape are taking place but at different rates. The main processes changing the landscape are suburbanization, reindustrialization and agricultural land abandonment. In space, they are manifested in an increase in the areas of residential, commercial and service development, the densification of the road network, and an increase in land allocated for new industrial plants. At the same time, the acreage of agricultural land (mainly arable fields, orchards and plantations but also open landscapes) is decreasing.

References

Aguilera, F., Valenzuela, L.M., Botequilha-Leitão, A. 2011. Landscape metrics in the analysis of urban land use patterns: a case study in a Spanish metropolitan area. Landsc. Urban Plan. 99, 226–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.10.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.10.004

Alphan, H. 2017. Analysis of landscape changes as an indicator for environmental monitoring. Environ Monit Assess. 189: 24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5748-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5748-7

Antrop, M. 2000. Background concepts for integrated landscape analysis. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2000, 77, 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00089-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00089-4

Antrop, M. 2004. Landscape change and the urbanization process in Europe. Landscape and Urban Planning 67: 9–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(03)00026-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(03)00026-4

Artmann, M., Inostroza, L., Fan, P., 2019. Urban sprawl, compact urban development and green cities. How much do we know, how much do we agree? Ecological Indicators 9(2): 3-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.10.059 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.10.059

Badura, P., 2021. Selected Directions of Transformation of Post-industrial Areas in the Central Part of the Silesian Voivodeship Based on the Analysis of the OPI-TPP Database. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska Lublin – Polonia 76: 163-188. https://doi.org/10.17951/b.2021.76.163-188 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17951/b.2021.76.0.163-188

Bajgar, M., Berlingieri, G., Calligaris, S., Criscuolo, C., Timmis, J., 2019. Industry Concentration in Europe and North America, OECD Productivity Working Papers 18, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/2ff98246-en DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/2ff98246-en

Basista, I., Bajawejder, M., 2020. Assessment of selected land consolidation in south-eastern Poland. Land Use Policy 99: 105033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105033 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105033

Behnisch, M, Krueger, T, Jaeger, J.A.G. 2022. Rapid rise in urban sprawl: Global hotspots and trends since 1990. PLOS Sustain Transform 1(11): https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pstr.0000034 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pstr.0000034

Belda-Carrasco, R., Iranzo-Garcia, E., Pascular-Aguilar, J.A. 2019. Landscape Dynamics in Mediterranean Coastal Areas: Castelló de la Plana in the Last Hundred Years. Landscape Online 69, pp.1-15. https://doi.org/10.3097/LO.201969 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3097/LO.201969

Bičík, I. and Kupková, L. 2007. Land use development in the Czech Republic and possibilities of generalization and modelling. In: Modellling Natural Environment and Society; Dostál, P., Ed.; Charles University in Prague: Prague, Czech Republic, 2007; pp. 179–203

Brown, D. G., Walker, R., Manson, S., Seto, K. 2012. Modeling land use and land cover change [In:] Land Change Science. Observing, Monitoring and Understanding Trajectories of Change on the Earth’s Surface. Gutman G et al. (Eds.). Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York, p. 414-428. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2562-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2562-4_23

Castillo, C.P., Jacobs-Crisioni, C., Diogo, V., Lavalle, C. 2021. Modelling agricultural land abandonment in a fine spatial resolution multi-level land-use model: An application for the EU. Environmental Modelling & Software 136: 104946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2020.104946 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2020.104946

Chmielewska, M. 2016. Morfologiczne przekształcenia przestrzeni miejskiej Katowic. (Morphological transformations of the urban space of Katowice). Wyd. Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, Katowice, pp. 214.

Cieślak, I., Biłozor. 2022. A dynamic evaluation of landscape transformations based on land cover data. Landscape Online 97(1097). https://doi.org/10.3097/LO.2022.1097 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3097/LO.2022.1097

Cieślak, I., Biłozor, A., Szuniewicz, K., 2020. The Use of the CORINE Land Cover (CLC) Database for Analyzing Urban Sprawl. Remote Sens. 12: 282, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12020282 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12020282

Corine Land Cover (CLC) European Environment Agency (EEA) Available online: https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/COR0-landcover. Accessed on 17 November 2022.

Cynk, K.W. 2022. Implementation of the sustainable urbanization strategy in Malmö and Ostrava. Journal of Urban Design. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2022.2118699 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2022.2118699

Dadashpoor, H. Azizi, P., Moghadasi, M. 2019. Land use change, urbanization, and change in landscape pattern in a metropolitan area. Science of the Total Environment 655, 707–719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.267 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.267

Deslatte, A., Szmigiel-Rawska, K., Tavares, A.F., Ślawska, J., Karsznia, I., Łukomska, J. 2022. Land use institutions and social-ecological systems: A spatial analysis of local landscape changes in Poland. Lan Use Policy 114:105937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105937 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105937

Diekmann, M., Andres, C., Becker, T., Bennie, J. Blüml, V., Bullock, J.M., Culmsee, H., Fanigliulo, M., Hahn, A., Heinken, T., Leuschner, C., Luka, S., Meißner, J., Müller, J., Newton, A., Peppler-Lisbach, C., Rosenthal, G., van den Berg, L.J.L., Vergeer, P., Wesche, K. 2019. Patterns of long-term vegetation change vary between different types of semi-natural grasslands in Western and Central Europe. Journal of Vegetation Science 30: 187– 202. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12727 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12727

Douglas, M. and Isherwood, B. 2021. The World of Goods (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/ 10.4324/9781003133650 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003133650

Dulias, R. The Impact of Mining on the Landscape. A Study of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin in Poland. 2016. Environmental Science and Engineering; Springer International Publishing, Switzerland, 209. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29541-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29541-1_3

Ellis, E. C., Kaplan, J.O., Fuller, D.Q., Vavrus, S., Goldewijk, K.K., Verburg, P.H. 2013. Used planet: a global history. Proceedings National Academy Science USA 110, 7978–7985. https://doi.org/ doi/10.1073/pnas.1217241110 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1217241110

Ewing, R.H. 2008. Characteristics, causes, and effects of sprawl: a literature review. In Urban Ecology, Marzluff, J.M., Shulenberger, E., Endlicher, W., Alberti, M., Bradley, G., Ryan, C., Simon, U., ZumBrunnen, C., Eds.; Springer: Boston, United States, pp. 519–535, Publisher Location, Country, 2007; Volume 3, pp. 154–196. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73412-534

Fayet C.M.J., Reilly, K.H., Van Ham, C., Verburg, P.H. 2022. What is the future of abandoned agricultural lands? A systematic review of alternative trajectories in Europe. Land Use Policy 112: 105833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105833 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105833

Foley, J.A., DeFries, R., Asner, G.P., Barford, C., Bonan, G., Carpenter, S.R., Chapin, F.S., Coe, M.T., Daily, G.C., Gibbs, H.K., Helkowski, J.H., Holloway, T., Howard, E.A., Kucharik, C.J., Monfreda, C., Patz, J.A., Prentice, I.C., Ramankutty, N., Snyder, P.N. 2005. Global consequences of land use. Science 309(5734):570–574. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1111772 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1111772

Gaidzik, K., Chmielewska, M. 2020. Post-Mining Objects as Geotourist Attractions: Upper Silesian Coal Basin (Poland). In: The Geotourism Industry in the 21st Century; Sadry B.N. Ed.; Apple Academic Press; New York, pp. 20. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429292798-25 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429292798-25

Goga, T., Feranec, J., Bucha, T., Rusnák, M., Sačkov, I., Barka, I., Kopecká, M., Papčo, J., Oťaheľ, J., Szatmári, D., Pazúr, R., Sedliak, M., Pajtík, J., Vladovič, J. 2019. A Review of the Application of Remote Sensing Data for Abandoned Agricultural Land Identification with Focus on Central and Eastern Europe. Remote Sensing 11(23):2759.https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11232759 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11232759

Gwosdz, K., 2013. Pomiędzy starą a nową ścieżką rozwojową (Between the old and new development paths). Wyd. Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, Kraków, pp. 269

Gomez-Antonio, M., Hortas-Rico, M., Li, L. 2014. The Causes of Urban Sprawl in Spanish Urban Areas: A Spatial Approach. Spatial Economic Analysis 11(2): 219–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/17421772.2016.1126674 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17421772.2016.1126674

Güneralp, B. and Seto, K.C. 2013. Futures of global urban expansion: uncertainties and implications for biodiversity conservation. Environmental Research Letters 8. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/014025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/014025

Hennig, E. I., Schwick, C., Soukup, T., Orlitova, E., Kienast, F., Jaeger, J. A. G. 2015. Multi-Scale Analysis of Urban Sprawl in Europe: Toward a European De-Sprawling Strategy. Land Use Policy 49: 483–498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.08.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.08.001

Inostroza, L. and de la Barrera, F. 2018. Ecosystem Services and Urbanisation. A Spatially Explicit Assessment in Upper Silesia, Central Europe. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 471:092028, IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/471/9/092028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/471/9/092028

Janus, J., Bozek, P. 2019. Land abandonment in Poland after the collapse of socialism: Over a quarter of a century of increasing tree cover on agricultural land. Ecological Engineering 138: 106-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2019.06.017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2019.06.017

Jayne, M., 2006. Cities and Consumption. 1st Edition. Routledge. Taylor and Francis Group. pp. 111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203358733

Karanosiou, A., Viana, M., Querol, X., Moreno, T., de Leeuw, F. 2014. Assessment of personal exposure to particulate air pollution during commuting in European cities—Recommendations and policy implications. Science of The Total Environment 490: 785-797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.036 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.036

Kareiva, P, Watts, S, McDonald, R, Boucher, T. 2007 Domesticated nature: Shaping landscapes and ecosystems for human welfare. Science 316(5833):1866–1869. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1143986 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1140170

Kijowska, J., Kijowski, A., Rączkowski, W. 2010. Politics and landscape change in Poland: c. 1940–2000. In book: Landscapes through the Lens. Aerial Photographs and Historic Environment Edition: 1 Chapter. Publisher: Oxbow Books Editors: D.C. Cowley, R.A. Standring, M.J. Abicht. pp. 155–166.

Kjærås, K. 2021. Towards a relational conception of the compact city. Urban Studies 58(6): 1176–1192. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020907281 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020907281

Kowalewski, A., Markowski, T., Śleszyński, P. (red.) 2018. Studia nad chaosem przestrzennym, Studia KPZK PAN, t. 182, Warszawa.

Kovács, Z., Farkas, Z.J., Egedy, T., Kondor, A.C, Szabó, B., Lennert, J., Baka, D., Kohán, B., 2019. Urban sprawl and land conversion in post-socialist cities: The case of metropolitan Budapest, Cities 92: 71-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.03.018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.03.018

Kozak, M., Pudełko, R. 2021. Impact Assessment of the Long-Term Fallowed Land on Agricultural Soils and the Possibility of Their Return to Agriculture. Agriculture 11: 148. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11020148 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11020148

Krajewski, P. 2019. Monitoring of Landscape Transformations within Landscape Parks in Poland in the 21st Century. Sustainability 11:2410; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11082410 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11082410

Krajewski, P., Solecka, I., Mastalska-Cetera, B. 2017. Landscape Change Index as a Tool for Spatial Analysis. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 245:072014. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/245/7/072014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/245/7/072014

Krzysztofik, R., Tkocz, M., Spórna, T., Kantor-Pietraga, I. 2016. Some dilemmas of post-industrialism in a region of traditional industry: The case of the Katowice conurbation, Poland. Moravian Geographical Reports 24(1):42–54. https://doi.org/10.1515/mgr-2016-0004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/mgr-2016-0004

Landscape Act: Ustawa z dnia 24 kwietnia 2015 r. o zmianie niektórych ustaw w związku ze wzmocnieniem narzędzi ochrony krajobrazu. Dz. U. z 2015 r. poz. 774, 1688.

Lasanta, T., Nadal-Romero, E., Arnáez, J. 2015. Managing abandoned farmland to control the impact of re-vegetation on the environment. The state of the art in Europe. Environmental Science & Policy 52: 99-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2015.05.012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2015.05.012

Liu, Y., Li, J., Yang, Y. 2018. Strategic adjustment of land use policy under the economic transformation. Land Use Policy 74:5-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.07.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.07.005

Malý, J., Dvořák, P., Šuška, P. 2020. Multiple transformations of post-socialist cities: Multiple outcomes?, Cities 107: 102901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102901. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102901

Martellozzo, F., Ramankutty, N., Hall, R. J., Price, D. T., Purdy, B., Friedl, M. A. 2014. Urbanization and the loss of prime farmland: a case study in the Calgary–Edmonton corridor of Alberta. Regional Environmental Change 15(5): 881–893. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-014-0658-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-014-0658-0

Mulková, M., Popelka, P., Popelková, R. 2012. Landscape Changes In The Central Part Of The Karviná Region From The First Half Of The 19th Century To The Beginning Of The 21st Century. Ekológia (Bratislava) 31(1):75-91. https://doi.org/10.4149/ekol_2012_01_75 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4149/ekol_2012_01_75

Mullins, P., Natalier, K., Smith, P., Smeaton, B., 1999. Cities and consumption spaces. Urban Affairs Review 35(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/10780879922184284 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/10780879922184284

Myga-Piątek, U., Żemła-Siesicka, A., Pukowiec-Kurda, K., Sobala, M., Nita, J. 2021. Is There Urban Landscape in Metropolitan Areas? An Unobvious Answer Based on Corine Land Cover Analyses. Land 10,1:51. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10010051 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/land10010051

Németh, G., Lóczy, D., Gyenizse, P. 2021. Long-Term Land Use and Landscape Pattern Changes in a Marshland of Hungary. Sustainability 13: 12664. doi.org/10.3390/su132212664 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212664

Nguyen, H.V., Nguyen, C.H., Hoang, T.T.B. 2019. Green consumption: Closing the intention-behavior gap. Sustainable Development 21(1):118-129. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1875 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1875

Paci, R. and Usai, S. 2000. Technological Enclaves and Industrial Districts: An Analysis of the Regional Distribution of Innovative Activity in Europe, Regional Studies 34(2):97-114. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400050006032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400050006032

Peattie, K. 2010. Green consumption: Behavior and norms. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 35(1), 195–228. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-032609-094328 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-032609-094328

Philbeck, T. and Davies, N., 2019. The fourth industrial revolution: Shaping a new era. Journal of International Affairs 72(1):17-22. jstor.org/stable/26588339

Popelková, R. and Mulková, M. 2018. The Mining Landscape of the Ostrava-Karviná Coalfield: Processes of Landscape Change from the 1930s to the Beginning of the 21st Century. Applied Geography 90:28–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2017.11.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2017.11.008

Pukowiec-Kurda, K., 2022. The Urban Ecosystem Services Index as a new indicator for sustainable urban planning and human well-being in cities. Ecological Indicators 144(109532) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109532 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109532

Pukowiec-Kurda, K. and Vavrouchowa, H. 2020. Land Cover Change and Landscape Transformations (2000-2018) in the Rural Municipalities of the Upper Silesia-Zagłębie Metropolis. Sustainability 23:9911. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12239911 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12239911

Pytel, S., Sitek, S., Chmielewska, M., Zuzańska-Żyśko, E., Runge, A., Markiewicz-Patkowska, J. 2021. Transformation Directions of Brownfields: The Case of the Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska Metropolis. Sustainability 13(2075) https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042075 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042075

Rolf, W. 2021. Transformation pathways towards sustainable urban development by the inclusion of peri-urban farmland in green infrastructure strategies. Landscape Online 96, pp.1-15. https://doi.org/10.3097/LO.202196 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3097/LO.202196

Rumpel, P., Slach O., 2022. Why is Ostrava in Czecha still shrinking? In: Postsocialist Shrinking Cities; Wu C-T., Gunko M., Stryjakiewicz T., and Zhou K. Eds.; Routledge: London 2022; pp. 256-276, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367815011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367815011-23

Seto, K.C., Güneralp, B., Hutyra, L.R. 2012. Global forecasts of urban expan-sion to 2030 and direct impacts on biodiversity and carbon pools. Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 109, pp. 16083–16088, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1211658109 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1211658109

Silva, R., Zogallo, S., Laques, A-E., Saito, C. 2020. Landscape Signature as an Integrative View of Landscape Metrics: A Case Study in Brazil-French Guiana Border. Landscape Online 85, pp.1-18. https://doi.org/10.3097/LO.202085 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3097/LO.202085

Solecka, I., Sylla, M., Świąder, M. 2017. Urban Sprawl Impact on Farmland Conversion in Suburban Area of Wroclaw, Poland, IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 245(072002). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/245/7/072002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/245/7/072002

Spatial Development Policy Of The Czech Republic 2021. (as amended, in effect on 1st September 2021). Ministry of Regional Development of the Czech Republic Institute for Spatial Development. Praha, Brno, pp.108

Spórna, T. and Krzysztofik, R. 2020. ‘Inner’ suburbanisation – Background of the phenomenon in a polycentric, post-socialist and post-industrial region. Example from the Katowice conurbation, Poland. Cities 104, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102789 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102789

Sroka, W., Pölling, B., Wojewodzic, T., Strus, M., Stolarczyk, P., Podlinska, O. 2019. Determinants of Farmland Abandonment in Selected Metropolitan Areas of Poland: A Spatial Analysis on the Basis of Regression Trees and Interviews with Experts. Sustainability 11: 3071. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11113071 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11113071

Stryjakiewicz T., 2022. Shrinking cities in postsocialist countries of Central-Eastern and South-Easters Europe. A general and comparative overview. In: Postsocialist Shrinking Cities; Wu C-T., Gunko M., Stryjakiewicz T., and Zhou K. Eds.; Routledge: London 2022; pp. 256-276, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367815011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367815011-21

Šveda, M. 2010. Zmeny v ovyužitízemevo funkcnom mestskom regióne Bratislava. Acta Geographica Universitatis Comenianae, 54(1), pp. 137–155.

Śleszyński, P., Gibas, P., Sudra, P. 2020. The Problem of Mismatch between the CORINE Land Cover Data Classification and the Development of Settlement in Poland. Remote Sens. 12: 2253. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12142253. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12142253

Śleszyński, P., Kowalewski, A., Markowski, T. 2018. Studia nad chaosem przestrzennym (Studies on Spatial Chaos). Wyd. PAN i KPZK, Warszawa, p. 231.

Śleszyński, P., Kowalewski, A., Markowski, T., Legutko-Kobus, P., Nowak, M. 2020. The Contemporary Economic Costs of Spatial Chaos: Evidence from Poland. Land 9:214. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9070214 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/land9070214

Śleszyński, P., Nowak, M., Sudra, P., Załęczna, M., Blaszke, M. 2021. Economic Consequences of Adopting Local Spatial Development Plans for the Spatial Management System: The Case of Poland. Land. 10(2):112. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.3390/land10020112 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/land10020112

Tkocz, M., 2015. A traditional industrial district from the perspective of 25 years of functioning in a market economy in Poland : an example of the Upper Silesian Industrial District. Prace Komisji Geografii Przemysłu Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego. 29(4): 112-126.

Travisi, C.M., Camagni, R., Nijkamp, P. 2010. Impacts of urban sprawl and commut-ing: a modelling study for Italy. J. Transp. Geogr. 18, pp. 382–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2009.08.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2009.08.008

Turner, B.L., Clark, W.C., Kates, R.W., Richards, J.F., Mathews, J.T., Meyer, W.B. 1990. The Earth as Transformed by Human Action: Global and Regional Changes in the Biosphere Over the Past 300 Years. Cambridge Univ Press with Clark University, Cambridge, UK, New York, p 713.

Turner, B.L., Skole, D., Sanderson, S., Fischer, G., Fresco, L. and Leemans, R. 1995. Land-Use and Landcover change Science/Research Plan. Joint publication of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (Report No. 35) and the Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change Programme (Report No. 7). Stockholm: Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Ustaoglu, E. and Collier, M.J. 2018. Farmland abandonment in Europe: an overview of drivers, consequences, and assessment of the sustainability implications. Environmental Reviews. 26(4): 396-416. https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2018-0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2018-0001

Vavrouchová, H. and Toman F., 2013. Landscape dynamics in the Brno’s surrounding between 2001 and 2011. Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. 61: 1451–1457, https://doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361051451 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361051451

Verburg, P. H., Schulp, C.J.E., Witte, N., Veldkamp, A. 2006. Downscaling of land use change scenarios to assess the dynamics of European landscapes. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 114: 39-56. https://doi.org/0.1016/j.agee.2005.11.024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2005.11.024

Weng, Y.C. 2007. Spatiotemporal changes of landscape pattern in response to urbanization. Landsc. Urban Plan. 81, 341–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.01.009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.01.009

Wojewodzic, T., Janus, J., Dacko, M., Pijanowski, J., Taszakowski, J. 2021. Measuring the effectiveness of land consolidation: An economic approach based on selected case studies from Poland. Land Use Policy 100: 104888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104888 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104888

Wu, Y., Wei, Y.D., Lih, H. 2020. Firm Suburbanization in the Context of Urban Sprawl: Neighborhood Effect and Sectoral Difference. The Professional Geographer. 72(4): 598-617. https://doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2020.1750437 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2020.1750437

Ženka, J., Krtička, L., Paszová, L., Pundová, T., Rudincová, K., Št’astná, S., Svetlíková, V., Matula, J. 2021. Micro-Geographies of Information and Communication Technology Firms in a Shrinking Medium-Sized Industrial City of Ostrava (Czechia). Land 10:695. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10070695 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/land10070695

Visockiene, J.S., Tumeliene, E., Maliene, V. 2019. Analysis and identification of abandoned agricultural land using remote sensing methodology. Land Use Policy 82:709-715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.01.013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.01.013

Vojvodikova B., Ticha, L., Fojtik, R., Szeligova, N. 2019. Brownfields in Function Urban Area Ostrava. IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 471:102023. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757899X/471/10/102023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/471/10/102023

Zelinka, V., Zacharová, J., Skaloš, J. 2021. Analysis of spatiotemporal changes of agricultural land after the Second World War in Czechia. Scientific Reports 11:12655. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91946-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91946-1